Reform Immigration Visas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1008 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Immigration Reform Essay Did you like this example? Immigration is a controversial issue in America. The Legal process of working as a non-immigrant/immigrant with a visa can be a costly and risky process. Many foreigners, from third world countries, that go through the process can be exploited to work unbearable conditions, live like cattle, and have little to no representation in court; which inevitably leads to visa overstays. The process of getting into America through a work visa is complicated,but we are going to focus on one visa, the H2A Visa. H2A visa is a visa for workers going into agricultural jobs. An application must be filled like any other visa,but there is a form fee included and the USCIS states that the fee is around 460 usd depending on the country of origin. Now 460 dollars may not seem like much but take the annual income from a third world country. Mexico for example, the average annual income is $843. Thats half of someones annual income just to try to work in America. If they are able to pay this then they are put on a waiting list to be scanned for any malicious threat they might pose(USCIS). Basically a background check is done to the people on the waiting list. Now if they make through all of this a company has to sponsor the individual in order for them to work in that company only and lastly an interview is done. Thats the really watered down version of the H2A visa process. Man y still gamble just to find work in America. Now companies that apply for H2A visa looking for workers are met with strict guidelines. These include fees in covering the transportation, proof that American workers dont want the job, and that the jobs given to visa workers wont affect American businesses. Throughout the whole process the worker is not guaranteed a job and the rejection of a work visa means that the worker must apply for the visa and go through this whole process again, which includes paying the fee. One of the reasons why many skip this and come illegally. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reform Immigration Visas" essay for you Create order Foreign worker on the H2A visa have their passport held by their employer of the company. Once the employer has your passport you are stuck with that company until the visa is expired. This leads to workers unable to leave the country and are force to either A be deported back to Mexico which defeats the purpose of working in America or B stay in the US without a visa which is more common. This happens to many visa overstayer and many take this option because of poor conditions in sponsored companies that went through the program. These conditions include the withhold of pay, taking from their paychecks, no breaks, and working long hours. We know this because of a case against Star Forestry, LLC in which I quote defendants did not provide plaintiffs with pay stubs or any records regarding their hours This failure caused plaintiffs to be unable to state with certainty the amount of unpaid wages they are owed(CaseText). The plaintiff also worked for more than 40 hours a week. Now we can talk about the strict guidelines that the company has to follow when they have a migrant worker. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) is To combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude(U.S Department of State). There is another act which is Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA) and what that does is it protects migrant and seasonal agricultural workers by establishing employment standards related to wages, housing, transportation, disclosures and recordkeeping(Department of Labor). These are put in place in order to protect migrant workers. Since the workers have protection then why dont the workers prosecute the employers. Well the government themselves are also to blame. MSPA secures that the worker has a way to file a complaint. If enough complaints are filed then the government does an investigation into the company. When they find the exploits, the company is fined and the workers are th en released from their contract with the company. Which means that they are deported to the country they are from. This defeats the purpose of the complaint system if it leads to the visa being voided. Thats why a majority of workers dont file a complaint. This then leads us to poor working conditions since the worker has no representation to retaliate. They are stuck with either suing and being deported or complaining and still being deported completely destroying the fact that they came here to work in fair working conditions. This leads us to many leaving the company and becoming visa overstayers. Workers that do decide to stay and work on with the sponsor companies have to face mental instability. Companies have to provide housing to migrant workers (H2A Visas) and migrants are unable to leave these houses. Companies threaten to void their contracts if any workers are seen leaving the facilities. This puts mental stress in migrant workers. Many already unable to take the poor conditions and now they face repetition of working and staying home. Many workers are grouped up together with 8 or more staying in one house. There is far more regulations for this that benefit the workers,but as always there is a cache. The company has to provide this free of charge and in some cases fees were incurred by the workers. There was a immigrant scheme and the defendant was charged with The indictment alleges that Mexican farmworkers were charged illegal fees for transportation, room and board. These incidents cause many to quit and find opportunity else were. There are more problems facing the regulation of working visas and there are ways to solve this. One way is to follow Canada working visas in which the worker are able to change employer if any exploitation is involved. This provides a huge leverage with migrant worker able incentivise sponsored companies to provide adequate conditions to the workers.

African Americans During The American Revolution - 1686 Words

During the American Revolution, African Americans fought on both sides. Those who fought were given their freedom and, in some instances, provided with land after the war. African American slaves who fought for the Loyalists were resettled after the war in places such as Nova Scotia, Upper and Lower Canada, and England. Those, however, who were on ships that went to the Caribbean remained slaves until 1834 when slavery was abolished in the British colonies. African American freemen and slaves, although the southern colonies resisted the enlistment of black slaves, who fought for the Patriots where offered freedom and re-settlement after the war. Ideological rationales where offered to garner Patriotic support to openly revolt against British rule in America. The ideological beliefs where based on the basic rights of man, which the Patriots believed the British monarchy and government where violating. These rights included that Americans should have the right to local autonomy, a government by consent, and that all mankind is born free and equal. That everyone is â€Å"equal† led to the belief that no one had a right to govern without the consent of those being governed, thus providing justification for the American Revolution (1765-1783). These arguments persisted, of course, even with the hypocrisy of the Founding Fathers who claimed â€Å"all men are created equal† even while providing justifications for racism and enslavement. For example, in Thomas Jefferson’s â€Å"Notes on the StateShow MoreRelatedGil Scott Heron Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesfocused on an entirely different subject matter. 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This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, onlyRead MoreThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However,Read MoreThe Crisis of the British Empire Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Crisis of the British Empire Beginning in 1754, two years later the French and Indian war spawned what is known as the Seven Years War in Europe. Attempting to gain control over the Ohio River fur trade, the North American French colonies in alliance with the American Indians attacked British troops along the western frontier. The war ended in 1763, forcing France and Spain to cede their regions of North America to the British empire (namely, Canada and Florida). This acquisition andRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction977 Words   |  4 PagesA revolution is a dramatic and sudden change in an organization in the social order that is replaced by a new, more favorable system. When Historian Eric Foner called the Reconstruction period â€Å"America’s Second Revolution†, his characterization was correct. Reconstruction can be viewed as a revolution because the previous social order, slavery, was replaced suddenly by a more favorable one, freedom for African-Americans. 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This war of independence, irrefutably, had a great effect on the citizens of America in varying degrees. The revolution, of course, gave a free rein to unforeseen political revolutions which often spark social revolutions. However, the American Revolution has foreseen the beginning of an abolitionist movement for AfricanRead MoreAmerican Womens History1293 Words   |  6 Pages1. The American Revolution impacted almost every aspect of Native American, European American, and African American womens lives. The American Revolution severely affected Native American women, especially agriculturally. They were the farmers and gardeners of their tribes and the war damaged the soil so much so in some areas that farming was rendered impossible. Most Native Americans, including the women, sided with Britain during the war. Each tribal woman grew crops, when possible, forRead MoreThe Freedom And Full Citizenship Of All African Americans907 Words   |  4 Pagesseceded. During the civil war Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation that freed all the slaves in the states that seceded, this was the first step to the freedom and full citizenship of all African Americans. During the time of the civil war and reconstruction period constitutional and social developments moderately influenced a revolution. The 13th- 15th amendments influenced constitutionally. Socially, Freedmen’s Bureau, Ku Klux Klan and Jim Crow laws countervailed a revolution. ConstitutionalRead MoreGlobal Echoes Of Atlantic Enlightenment And Revolution921 Words   |  4 PagesEchoes of Atlantic Enlightenment and Revolution There are many different crucial sources that demonstrate the global influences of Atlantic revolutionary movements and Enlightenment views on human rights. Enlightenment philosophies of government and human rights ignited the revolutionary transformation in all of the Atlantic world. Political leaders on both sides of the Atlantic wanted to incorporate European Enlightenment concepts into their societies. Revolutions began to build on one another, taking

Black Hole Essay Research Paper Black holeAn free essay sample

Black Hole Essay, Research Paper Black hole An image of the nucleus of the Whirlpool galaxy M51 taken by the Wide Field Planetary Camera onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. It shows an huge ring of dust and gas which is thought to environ and conceal a elephantine black hole, 1 million times the mass of the Sun, in the centre of the galaxy. The ring forms an accumulation phonograph record of gas, about 100 light old ages across, falling toward the black hole. The two brighter countries perpendicular to the widest dark lane are two jets of atoms accelerated by the black hole. Anyone who has of all time watched the launch of a projectile is familiar with the construct that escape from a gravitative field requires the outgo of energy. The stronger the gravitative field, more energy is required to get away from its clasps. If the projectile has deficient fuel, it will return to Earth and flight is impossible. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Hole Essay Research Paper Black holeAn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, it is non difficult to conceive of a gravitative field strong plenty to forestall the flight of any object with a finite sum of energy. The gravitative force of an object is governed by a combination of the sum of affair it contains and its volume. The more the affair is confined in increasingly smaller volume, the larger the gravitative field at the surface of the object. Since even a light beam has a finite sum of energy, one can conceive of a monolithic object in a sufficiently little volume that would posses a gravitative field strong plenty to forestall the flight of that visible radiation. The Gallic mathematician Simon Laplace reasoned in 1795 that, if Newton # 8217 ; s corpuscular theory of visible radiation were right, there could be monolithic object from which visible radiation could non get away. Indeed, any theory of gravitation should incorporate the impression of such an object. In the instance of Einstein # 8217 ; s theory of General Relativity, we call such an object a black hole. However, in the instance of general relativity, the way taken by a light beam defines the geometry of space-time for it represents the # 8220 ; shortest distance between two points. # 8221 ; Such a way is called a geodistic. Therefore, for a black hole in general relativity, a light beam arising on the surface that can non get away truly travels nowhere. In some sense, all # 8220 ; surface # 8221 ; points can be viewed as the same point and the object can be said to hold been sealed off from the ordinary infinite and clip of outside perceivers. The point from which visible radiation can no longer flight is known as the event skyline since cognition of events beyond that point can neer be transmitted to the outside universe by a light beam or any other mechanism. The event skyline imposes a signifier of censoring on the make-up of a black hole. Indeed, the lone facets of a black hole that may be ascertained from outside are its mass, net charge, and rate of spin. No internal proce sses that depend on clip in any manner can be detected in the external environment, for that would represent directing signals from inside the black hole to the exterior when non even light can get away. This # 8220 ; censoring # 8221 ; is what is responsible for the little figure of mensurable belongingss of the black hole itself-mass, spin, and charge. While there are complications in specifying the size of a black hole, one can unambiguously stipulate its perimeter and therefore specify a radius as merely the perimeter divided by 2. This radius is known as the Schwarzschild radius after Karl Schwarzschild, who foremost defined it as R s=2GM/c 2. Here M is the mass of the black hole, G is the Newtonian invariable of gravitation, and degree Celsius is the velocity of visible radiation. However, R s should non be viewed as the distance from the event skyline of the black hole to its centre. The geometry of space-time in the inside of the black hole is so warped that Euclidian impressions of distance no longer use. Nevertheless, R s does supply a step of the infinite around a peculiar mass M that will be earnestly warped. R s for an object holding the mass of the Sun is about 3 kilometers. Therefore, to turn the Sun into a black hole, one would hold to jam all of its mass into a sphere holding about a 3 kilometer radius. Squashing any such mass into a volume dictated by its Schwarzschild radius posses a serious assembly job. In fact, about the lone procedures which might take to the formation of a black hole involve the decease of reasonably monolithic normal stars or the formation of supermassive stars. As germinating stars exhaust the atomic fuel which enables them to back up their ain weight and radiance at the same clip, they begin a rapid prostration. It is believed that the oppressing self-gravity of the fall ining star may be sufficient to organize a black hole with the mass of several times that of the Sun. Such black holes would hold Schwarzschild radii of several to possibly a few 10s of kilometres. Sing their mass, they are truly bantam things. If one were to replace the Sun with a black hole of the same mass as the Sun, there would be a part of infinite a few kilometres in size located where the centre of the Sun presently resides where infinite would be highly warped. However, the gravitative field of this object, measured at the distance of the Earth, would be precisely that of the contemporary Sun. The Earth and planets would go on in their orbits and except for it being instead dark, the solar system would go on much as it does today. If one were to establish a projec tile from the Earth to hit the black hole, the undertaking would be im mensely more hard than hitting the Sun. The Sun presents a mark about one and a half million kilometres across while the black hole would be more than one hundred 1000 times smaller. This emphasizes merely how hard it is to feed affair into a black hole. Normally, one must acquire within a few Schwarzschild radii in order to experience the major effects of the black hole. Indeed, one of the experimental trials for the presence of a black hole in binary systems involves detecting heated affair as it is mercilessly squeezed during its concluding dip into the black hole. Such affair will breathe fluctuating sums of x beams as a consequence of being squeezed. The rate of fluctuation is tied to the size of the breathing part and we find in such systems that the x rays come from a volume of infinite merely a few kilometres in size. These are the dimensions of the environment environing a black hole of leading proportions. In several cases, farther analysis of the orbital gesture in the binary system indicates that the dark unobserved member of the binary system is much more monolithic than the Sun. A dark leading constituent more monolithic than the Sun confined to a volume smaller than a few kilometres is a premier campaigner for a black hole. There is at least one other state of affairs where uranologists suspect the being of a black hole. Again, since it does non radiate visible radiation, we must observe it through the consequence its gravitative field has on neighbouring objects. In the centres of some galaxies the stars, gas and dust of the galaxy are traveling at really high velocities, proposing they are being pulled about by the gravitation of some really monolithic object. If the object was a aggregation of monolithic stars, it would reflect so brilliantly as to rule the visible radiation from the galactic centre. The absence of visible radiation from the monolithic object suggests it is a black hole. In one active galaxy, the Hubble Space Telescope has even observed discs of affair that appear be accreting onto a cardinal monolithic dark object which is likely to be a black hole. Recently a big squad of uranologists reported the consequences of a worldwide survey affecting the Hubble Space Telescope, the Internat ional Ultraviolet Explorer satelites and many land based telescopes which were able to observe visible radiation which was emitted by the accreting affair as it spirals into the black hole which was later absorbed and re-emitted by the revolving clouds merely a few light-days off from the cardinal beginning. Mass estimations of the cardinal beginning determined from the gesture of these clouds suggests that the object has a mass of at least several million times the mass of the Sun. So much stuff contained in a volume of infinite no larger than a few light yearss provides the best grounds yet for the being of a black hole at the centre of this galaxy. The construct of monolithic black holes at the centres of some galaxys is supported by theoretical probes of the formation of really monolithic stars. Stars of more than about one hundred times the mass of the Sun can non organize because they will detonate from atomic energy released during their contraction before the star can shrivel far plenty for its self-gravity to keep it together. However, if cloud of interstellar stuff fall ining to organize a star contains about a million clip the mass of the Sun, the prostration will happen so fast that the atomic procedures initiated by the prostration will non halt the prostration and interrupt the star. The prostration will continuum unrestrained until the object formed is a black hole with a mass a million times the mass of the Sun or more. Such objects appear to be required to understand the behaviour of the stuff in the centre of some galaxys. Indeed, it seems likely that black holes may shack at the centres of normal galaxies such as our ain Milky Way. Again, the best grounds comes from the gesture of gas clouds near the galactic centre. However, the presence of a black hole at the centre of our ain galaxy is farther supported by the observation of certain energetic gamma beams emanating from the galactic centre. The beginning of these beams requires an highly energetic environment such as is found in the immediate vicinity of a black hole. All that has been said so far involves black holes as described by the general theory of relativity. However, in the kingdom of the really little, quantum mechanics has proved to be the proper theory to depict the physical universe. To day of the month, no 1 has successfully combined general relativity with quantum mechanics to bring forth a to the full self consistent theory of quantum gravitation. However, in 1974 person suggested that an application of quantum rules to a black hole showed that it would radiate energy like a perfect radiator holding a temperture reciprocally relative to its mass. While the sum of radiation for any astrophysical black hole is pitiably little, the possibility of it go oning at all was radical. It suggested the first nexus between quantum theory and general relativity and has spawned a host of new thoughts which expand the relationship between the two theories. It represents a classical illustration of a construct which may hold small if any direct pr actical application, but revolutionizes the manner in which we view the physical universe. Binary System Any system of two stellar-like objects which orbit one another under the influence of their combined gravitation.

John Lennons Imagine and Marxism

Table of Contents Lennon’s Imagine Karl Marx Conclusion Works Cited The power of music is not fully appreciated. For hundreds of years, the art of music has evolved from modest one note beats to complex layers of multiple notes. Music might have started simply as a form of audible entertainment. But, since then, it has also become a tool for propaganda and a powerful instrument to influence people. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on John Lennon’s Imagine and Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Music has inspired great artists and philosophers and, in some cases, the great artists and philosophers have served as the muses for some of the rich, multisensory music we know and admire today. This is true when one compares and analyzes the philosophy of Karl Marx to musician John Lennon’s composition entitled Imagine. In 1971, John Lennon released his popular single Imagine. At pres ent, Imagine is still very popular. The lyrics provide topics for discussion that are still relevant today. The song Imagine is a dream. It is an idea that living in a utopian world is possible. It can be argued that Karl Marx’s ideas influenced the creation of the said song. The proponent of this paper will defend this assertion by analyzing both the lyrics to the song and the idea of Karl Marx. At the same time, the following question will be answered: 1) Why has this song become so popular and why does it have a great appeal on listeners?; 2) Is it possible to build and live in a utopian world based on the ideas of Karl Marx?; and 3) With regards to the interpretation of the lyrics and the interpretation of Marx’s ideas, how was it applied in a real world setting? Lennon’s Imagine The popularity of John Lennon’s Imagine never waned from its release in 1971 to the present day. There are only a few songs that endured the test of time. Songs that remaine d relevant are not ordinary songs but works of art that are meaningful and evoke a great deal of emotions from its listeners. It is important to determine the popularity of the song before it can be connected to Karl Marx. The simplest explanation with regards to its popularity is the Beatles phenomenon of the 1960s. If John Lennon’s band, the Beatles, was very popular in the 1960s, then, the name Lennon is easily recognizable a decade later. It can be argued that there were numerous fans of the Beatles that were still interested in the lives of the former band members. Therefore, when it was announced that John Lennon’s produced a new album and that one of the songs in that album is a composition entitled Imagine, it was easy to understand why a horde of loyal fans will buy the album. However, to attribute the popularity of the song to the Beatles phenomenon is not entirely correct because many year later, people continue to listen to the said composition.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another possible explanation is the charisma and talent of John Lennon himself. It is important to point out that even without the Beatles, Lennon can easily become an influential and popular artist. According to one historian, â€Å"he was a mass-mediated star, a creation of his time, a construction who was discussed and debated in public and given meanings by other people† (Makela 236). Lennon’s legendary status in the music industry is a valid explanation for the popularity of the song. But there were other artists who were accorded the same status as Lennon and yet some of their songs are not as popular anymore. Therefore, the popularity of the song Imagine must also be attributed to the song itself. A very good explanation can be seen through the following commentary: The genius of this composition is the marriage of Lennon’s controversial lyrics, that is, imagination of a world without religion or civil states among other things, with instrumental music that could very well have accompanied the sentimental, melodramatic compositions of the pre-rock era. The tension in this song is created by the juxtapositions of a pretty and understated melody with a radical message (Bielen 90). In other words, this song is well-crafted work of art. It was not done haphazardly. There was a clear purpose in the mind of the composer and lyricist. There was a reason why a particular melody was used. More importantly, the words were not chosen in random. This particular song is an anthem. It is a declaration that emanated from the heart of Lennon. Thus, this song was not created for entertainment purposes only. It was created to influence people. The popularity of the song is not just due to the appeal of Lennon and the beauty of the melody. The song continues to be popular because of the radical message it contains. Consi der the first few lines of the song. It provides a suggestion to the listener and invites him to imagine that there is no heaven. The impact of the first salvo was cushioned by the assuring words that it is not difficult. It went on to suggest that there is no hell and ends with an equally radical assertion that there is nothing above but only sky. If taken together the song challenges the normal conventions of society. Lennon made the declaration that there is no God. The end result, according to Lennon, is a mindset that is only preoccupied with the present (Wesson 21). One can just imagine the impact of these lyrics to those who were brought up in a religious manner. Consider the reaction of church leaders who can easily characterize the song as sacrilegious. But Lennon was just warming up.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on John Lennon’s Imagine and Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lenn on did not spare the politicians and the leaders of civil society. The song’s second stanza provided another set of radical messages. The composer suggested that there is no such thing as a geopolitical state. Lennon believed that politics and obsession with nationalities and ethnicities are the major causes of conflict. Lennon made the declaration that if nations eradicate the concept of a national state, then, those who believe will experience life in peace ( In the first three stanzas, Lennon made the suggestion to eradicate the concept of religion and nationality in order to live in the moment and to live a life of peace. But, in the process, Lennon did not only suggest the destruction of social institutions. Lennon also challenged the root cause of inequality. In his mind, poverty is the result of greed. If people learn how to live every moment as if it was there last, then, they have understood the essence of the song. However, it is imperative that Lennon must provide an alternative scenario if national governments are no longer functional. In the latter part of the song, Lennon offered a solution. He said that people should have no possession. It must be clarified that the alternative solution to the problem is to establish a utopian society wherein the citizens are prevent from acquiring non-essentials. In other words, Lennon wanted to remove these vices because these are not pre-requisites. These factors continue to influence thinkers and philosophers alike. Karl Marx It can be argued that John Lennon was influenced by the writings of Karl Marx (Elster 12). The lyrics found in the latter part of the song suggest a utopian world, a world that can be created using the ideas found in Karl Marx’s work. It was Marx who provided a clear understanding of social forces that shaped the modern world. He traced the root cause of the problem to conflict between different groups of people in a particular society. At the latter part of the discussi on, more people became aware of the futility of traditional social conventions. Marx was a German philosopher who lived in London. He was convinced that at the core of the problem is the struggle between social classes (Williams 25). Marx philosophy was a byproduct of his time. He was deeply affected by the circumstances that surrounded him. For example, he saw the impact of urban sprawl as well as the contentious relationships between an employer and employee (Popkin Stroll 16). Marx said that social stratification is not practical and effective. Marx also suggested that it in order to experience a radical transformation it is important to remove all social institutions that are supposed to help people but in reality caused them pain.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The primary goal, therefore, is to eradicate these social institutions and replace it with a utopian community based on the ideas of Karl Marx (Gillham 34). A Marxist form of utopia was expected because of the removal of social norms that was believed to be the root cause of the problem. But when applied in a real world setting, the experiment in the former Soviet Union and Cambodia failed. Consider, for instance, the impact of Marxism in the former Soviet Union and their failed attempt to develop a utopian society: Seven decades have passed since the Bolsheviks came to power, but Soviet society is still poorer than the capitalist West and not very egalitarian, either. Alas, much of the history of the USSR may be thought of in terms of social catastrophe – war, famine, poverty, heartless administration, and militaristic expansion. Only after the death of Stalin in 1953 did a more humanitarian spirit prevail and the well-being of the people received due attention (Matthews, 1 989). In the case of Cambodia, the revolution was led by a mad man called Pol Pot. He too wanted to build a utopian society. Pol Pot believed that it is only possible to build a Marxist utopian world through the total eradication of social classes. He incorporated Marxism into his mental framework. But Pol Pot went further and did not only develop a political party to support his views; he also initiated the mass murder of intellectuals, the professionals and the middle-class of Cambodia. During that time period Pol Pot was responsible for the deaths of thousands of innocent civilians and their bodies were dumped in what will be known all over the world as the killing fields (Pouvatchy 440). When Pol Pot secured his political and military power, he went on to build a utopian society free from the social stratification found in most countries. He envisioned a society without professional titles and without a hierarchy (Zacek 21). Everyone was supposed to have equal stats. More impor tantly, he abhorred technology and ostentatious display of wealth. Pol Pot did not succeed in the creation of a utopian society. In fact, he subjected Cambodia to terror. There was no happiness and there was no peace. When social conventions were removed a utopian society was not immediately created afterwards. But instead of creating a blissful community, the absence of social conventions resulted in chaos, poverty and violence (Gamble 1993). In the case of the former Soviet Union and Pol Pot’s Cambodia, there were deliberate steps made to ensure that there should be no dominant social class. The Soviets boasted of a centralized government because they believed that a government must serve its people and not the other way around. But, instead of the creation of a utopian society, the centralized governance of the Soviet Union created problems for the people. In the struggle for equality, the Soviets inadvertently proved that there is no such a thing as a utopian society that can be built on the basis of principles gleaned from the study of Marxism. But it was able to prove that coercion and manipulation cannot be sustained in the long run. It is much better to govern people without the need to intimidate and coerce. Another major realization is that it is impossible to build a utopian society where people do not work. The dreamy existence that Lennon envisioned is impossible to accomplish. It is interesting to note that although Pol Pot did not hear the song composed by John Lennon, Pol Pot successfully developed a way to apply the principles seen in the song. Pol Pot did not believe in God as well as heaven and hell but Pol Pot made the attempt to personally apply ideas that he believed will lead to the creation of a utopian society. But he was wrong and as a result, the whole nation suffered due to various unintended consequences. It can be argued that in order to establish a utopian society, the primary requirement is revolution. In the case of Pol Pot realized that a utopian society is only possible if he can turn Cambodia upside-down. But Pol Pot’s major miscalculation is the need for many people to die. Lennon’s goal was three-fold. He wanted people to live in the moment. Lennon dreamed of a society where people are not forced to work like those workers in the factory. But, in the case of Cambodia and Pol Pot, the people had to work as farmers. They had to perform back-breaking labor in order to support the community. The same thing can be said about the inefficient production models of the former Soviet Union. John Lennon had another dream. He wanted people to live in peace. But the application of Marxism in countries like Cambodia, China, Russia and North Korea produced a great deal of conflict within their respective societies. In a godless state like North Korea and the former Soviet Union, it required heavy military presence in order for people to behave in a certain way. John Lennon had another dream. H e wanted a brotherhood of man. But, so far, there was no evidence that the application of Marxism had created such a community. Conclusion John Lennon’s song entitled Imagine is very popular because of its radical message. Lennon wanted to apply Marxism in order to develop a utopian society. But it can be easily ascertained that there was no successful experiment that was reported in history. Tyrants like Pol Pot saw an opportunity to build a utopian society but failed. The absence of religion and other social conventions can cause confusion, panic and great harm to society. Works Cited Bielen, Kenneth. The Lyrics of Civility. New York: Routledge. Elster, John. Karl Marx. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Print. Gamble, Andrew. Marxism and Social Science. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Print. Gillham, Oliver. The Limitless City. Washington, D.C.: New Jersey: Island Press, 2002. Print. Makela, Janne. John Lennon Imagined. New York: Peter Lang Publishin g, 2004. Print. Matthews, Mervyn. Patterns of Deprivation in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev and Gorbachev. CA: Hoover Press, 1989. Popkin, Richard and Avrum Stroll. Philosophy Made Simple. New York: Doubleday, 1993. Print. Pouvatchy, Joseph. â€Å"Cambodian-Vietnamese Relations.† Asian Survey 26.4 (1986): 440-451. Print. Wesson, Robert. Lenin’s Legacy: The Story of the CPSU. CA: Hoover Press, 1978. Print. Williams, Andre. Marxism and Social Science. IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. Print. This research paper on John Lennon’s Imagine and Marxism was written and submitted by user Delaney Griffin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Celebrating 10 Years With Our Senior Editor Stephanie Hashagen - The Writers For Hire

CELEBRATING 10 YEARS WITH OUR SENIOR EDITOR STEPHANIE HASHAGEN Since joining The Writers For Hire (TWFH) 10 years ago, Senior Editor Stephanie Hashagen has learned something important about herself. She can write about almost anything. Some of the weird and wonderful topics Stephanie has tackled during the last decade include the health benefits of beets, machines used to clean oil and gas pipelines, how to boost personal credit scores and invest in hedge funds, greening the construction industry, and growing medical marijuana. Reaching the 10-year mark with TWFH has led Stephanie to reflect a bit on her writing and editing career.   While learning something new and out of your scope is always interesting and sometimes unexpectedly applicable (as most professional copywriters can attest to), Stephanie notes that her very favorite projects are those that are personally meaningful to clients. A few highlights:   A few years back, we helped a father write a book about his son who died of cystic fibrosis when he was a teenager. It was an emotional project, but it meant so much to our client to have all of those memories and stories in one place. By the end of the project, I felt like I’d gotten to know his son. We also did a book about a woman who came to the U.S. as a German war bride in the ’40s. She lived on a ranch in the middle of nowhere in Eureka, Nevada, like, six hours or so away from anything. We had to fly into Reno and drive for a bazillion hours on Highway 50 to get to her. It’s a really interesting drive. The people who live in that area, most of them have ranches and live in town through the winter when they’re not ranching. It’s beautiful, but you feel completely isolated. Stephen King wrote an entire book about that road. More recently, I helped a client edit/revise his personal finance book. It wasn’t like a â€Å"traditional† finance book. He wanted to do something that was entertaining — like something that the average person would want to read. The book is awesome. It’s hilarious and full of random facts and pop culture references and whatnot.    When we asked Stephanie what advice she’d give to new writers, her answers had more to do with being real than technicalities. It’s perfectly fine to break the grammar rules you learned in English class. â€Å"Professional† writing doesn’t mean awkward and overly formal. Sometimes contractions work. It’s OK to start sentences with â€Å"and.† Don’t be afraid to sound like a real person.    With writing, you never get it right the first time, it’s always a collaborative process, not one-sided.    When asked what advice she finds herself giving clients and team members most often, Stephanie chimed in with a few snippets of wisdom. One thing I always tell clients is, don’t be afraid to tell us if you don’t like something. On some projects, your writing team will nail it on the first try and give you exactly what you wanted. And when that happens, it’s awesome. But on other projects, you might review a draft and think, â€Å"meh.† And that’s totally fine.   Sometimes you don’t know what you really wanted until you see something that you’re not that crazy about. And it’s incredibly helpful to us if you can say, â€Å"Hey, I wanted something more conversational,† or â€Å"I think we focused on the wrong benefit on the home page.† Writing is a back-and-forth process. It’s normal to go through a couple rounds of revisions.   I often tell our writers that much of any writing job comes down to simply listening to what clients have to say. Also, don’t be afraid to ask questions. There’s no such thing as having too much information or getting too much clarification.   Ã‚     In her 10 years at TWFH, Stephanie has most enjoyed the collaborative nature of the team. She loves that everyone is on the same page and is working towards a core mission: to produce high quality deliverables that will offer exceptional and lasting value to each and every client. And TWFH team has enjoyed working with Stephanie, owner Wintress Odom says. Stephanie has been an invaluable member of the TWFH team, and we hope she sticks around for another 10. Congratulations, Stephanie. Thank you for 10 years of grit, focus, passion, active listening, outstanding editorial guidance, strength of character, and solid leadership on every single level.   Ã‚   NOTE:  Stephanie was too humble to take a photo of herself with her 10-year anniversary trophy, but has kindly substituted Emilio, who used to be our office cat and was generously adopted by Stephanie during Hurricane Rita.

Free Essays on Stem Cell Research

Imagine you have a family member or friend sick. That person has a heart disease; it’s the muscle tissue in their heart. Wouldn’t you want every bit of help you could find to cure that person and make them healthy again? New studies with stem cell research show that this type of study may find cures for many diseases including transportation of healthy heart muscle cells. Recent reports on the isolation and successful culturing of the first human pluripotent stem cell lines have generated great excitement and have brought biomedical research to the edge of a new frontier. In order to understand the importance of this discovery as well as the related scientific, medical, and ethical issues, I need to first explain what stem cell research is and how it works. Stem cells can divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the normal human development. Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. This fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells. (show first picture) This means that either one of these cells, if placed into a woman's uterus, has the potential to develop into a fetus. In fact, identical twins develop when two totipotent cells separate and develop into two individual, genetically identical human beings. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells and inside the hollow sphere; there is a clu ster of cells called the inner cell mass. The outer layer of cells will go on to form the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for fetal development in the uterus. The inner cell mass ... Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Scientists have been disputing whether or not governmental funds should be assigned for Stem Cell Research, which goes against the Catholic Church’s teaching. Some people see this practice as revolutionary practice that may help our future generations in years to come, while others see it as an immoral and unethical practice. About 30 hours after a woman’s egg is fertilized, it begins to divide. There are 4 types of cells that are created after this division process; Totipotent, Blastocyst, Trophoblast, and Pluripotent make up the cells. What scientists see as a beneficial resource are the Pluripotent cells because when isolated, these cells unlimitedly divide, making them an abundant resource. Scientists say that if they can learn how to teach these cells to be part of certain tissues, they could be used for the treatment of disease or one day even regenerate organs for transplants. Also, scientists say that they may be used to test medical drugs, all for the benefit of humanity. Why does the Catholic Church view this as immoral if they can be used for the good of humanity? These cells are derived from human embryos, aborted fetuses, and even embryos of genetic clones, if possible. What’s wrong with taking these cell from these locations. In human embryos, they sometimes discard the unused ones, starting an issue of abortion. In aborted fetuses, there is not really an explanation. Scientists are taking cells from a dead baby. Cloning is just seen as an immoral practice itself, so to take cells from a cloned embryo is no better. So why can’t we just take cells from adults, and avoid all the fuss about this topic? Adult stem cells are seen as less versatile as embryonic ones. This means that because adult cells have been used and working for many years, we cannot change what happens in the human body. As for an embryo, they are still developing, allowing scientists to alter them in any way, shape, or form. Why ... Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Media Coverage â€Å"The mass media has played an integral, interactive role within scientific controversies generally and the stem cell debate specifically.† (Brossard 2003) â€Å"Not only does the media influence the attention of competing political actors, and the public but the media also powerfully shapes how policy issues related to science and technology controversy are identified, symbolized, and ultimately resolved.† (Brossard 2003) When the media controls the public opinion political decisions are decided keeping in mind the beliefs the media promotes. â€Å"Moreover, when a issue does appear in the media, it interests can define their stand as well as the alternatives available for discussion, then they have â€Å"framed† the situation in more winnable terms, delimitating the arguments the opposition can make and screening them off from participation.† (Brossard 2003) To frame an issue is to provide a storyline to the controversy, suggesting a particular stance. Who does the framing? There are many actors involved when an issue is framed. â€Å"United States media attention to biotechnology has been driven mostly by industrial and economic development of the technology, and coverage, has historically been overwhelmingly positive, emphasizing frames of scientific progress and economic prospect.† Other actors could include interest groups, politicians, doctors, lawyers, and celebrities, and more. Journalists too need to take the blame for framing because they tend to dramatize an issue to draw attention to the subject. They create protagonists and antagonist to further a storyline. Journalists pitted two groups against each other, scientists vs. religious leaders. â€Å"The first group is referenced as the advocates of scientific advancement and the second group is appointed moral guardians of society.† (Brossard 2003) Since this countries ideals arise from religion most people tend to side with the religious le... Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Imagine you have a family member or friend sick. That person has a heart disease; it’s the muscle tissue in their heart. Wouldn’t you want every bit of help you could find to cure that person and make them healthy again? New studies with stem cell research show that this type of study may find cures for many diseases including transportation of healthy heart muscle cells. Recent reports on the isolation and successful culturing of the first human pluripotent stem cell lines have generated great excitement and have brought biomedical research to the edge of a new frontier. In order to understand the importance of this discovery as well as the related scientific, medical, and ethical issues, I need to first explain what stem cell research is and how it works. Stem cells can divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the normal human development. Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. This fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells. (show first picture) This means that either one of these cells, if placed into a woman's uterus, has the potential to develop into a fetus. In fact, identical twins develop when two totipotent cells separate and develop into two individual, genetically identical human beings. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells and inside the hollow sphere; there is a clu ster of cells called the inner cell mass. The outer layer of cells will go on to form the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for fetal development in the uterus. The inner cell mass ...

CSR and Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CSR and Corporations - Essay Example â€Å"Even though companies publish huge volumes of literature with respect to their works for the well-being of the society, in practice, many companies define their obligations in a much more limited† (Geoffrey, 2008). This paper analyses the sincerity of corporations in showing their social responsibility for the development of society. Does the evidence to date suggest that CSR is a useful way to enable corporations to make meaningful contributions to social development? Plenty of companies have shown sincerity in demonstrating social responsibility in recent times. For example, Acer is a socially committed organization which has engaged in a conscious effort to make environmentally-friendly products. â€Å"Acer focuses on developing an effective corporate governance mechanism of CSR and sustainability issues, improving efficiency among working groups, initiating stakeholder engagement, and building for better internal and external communications†(CSR within Acer, n . d). It should be noted that the disposal of computers and peripherals is a big problem nowadays. Injudicious disposal of computers and peripherals may cause immense damage to the environment. Acer has strong waste management and recycling mechanisms which help them to collect the e-waste generated by them and recycle it properly. Moreover, CFC cleaners have been completely eliminated from the Acer circuit board production. In short, Acer is not only interested in accumulating profits, but also in protecting the environment. British Petroleum or BP is another company which showed good examples of social responsibility in recent times. They faced stiff challenges because of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill recently. More than 4.9  million barrels ^ of crude oil spilled over the water as a result of Mexico oil spill. It caused huge damages to the marine and wild life near the Gulf of Mexico. BP never tried to wash their hands and stay away from the responsibilities of this

Evaluating Assessment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluating Assessment - Research Proposal Example The person being assessed also needs to know how the scoring is done, with respect to the criteria chosen and the important of each criterion for the overall score. This is because "learning increaseswhen learners have a sense of what they are setting out to learn, a statement of explicit standards they must meet and a way of seeing what they have learned" (Loacker, Cromwell & O'Brien, 1986) The assessment will be done as part of the ongoing daily work of the person concerned. We will select a meeting that the person is to lead, for a nominal period of 45 - 60 minutes. We will evaluate the person's performance in speaking confidently to others on the following basis: What external signs of confidence does the person show (rated on a level from one to five, where one is none and five is excellent - if however the person overdoes it, then assessors should subtract points accordingly) These points carry equal weight as each one is important to convey confidence while talking to other people. The assessment will be shared with the person concerned afterwards. Knowledge of the assessors' view point will help the person understand the relationship between the way he/she thinks that he/she replies to these criteria and the way that his/her performance is assessed by others. Assessing effective working in a team requires a longer term approach for the assessment. An attempt to measure this by an assessment of very short duration would run the risk of being unrepresentative of the person's performance. For these reasons we chose the portfolio assessment which has the characteristic of being an ongoing, rather than an episodic assessment (AAHE, 1996). In addition to this, completing the portfolio assessment becomes part of the learning process for the person concerned where the goal is as much to affect the learner's growth, instead of just passively measuring it (Courts & McInerney, 1993). The portfolio assessment will be done over a period of time (2 months) and will correspond to stated criteria against which the person being assessed and the assessors have agreed. The person puts together the portfolio with information that demonstrates how he or she works effectively within a team. The portfolio is shown regularly to the assessors as well. At the end of the 2 months, the assessors will review the portfolio with the person to assess the performance of the person concerned on the following basis: evidence of a particular role or function taken on by the person within the context

Financial implications of disaster management Case Study

Financial implications of disaster management - Case Study Example This paper discusses all the financial aspects of disaster management in the context of organizational settings. Donor Fatigue – with the global economy still in the doldrums and recovery mostly uncertain, major donor countries are now often reluctant to give bigger amounts although the said countries pledge much larger donations but come up short with the actual monies. Series of successive natural calamities had likewise depleted the financial resources of most donors and there is a feeling of fatigue among them, of constantly sending aid with little results. The governmental aid sent by developed countries are now often supplemented by private donors. Non-governmental organizations which are mostly private initiatives must now realize that a fountain of goodwill is not unlimited and must therefore spend their financial resources well. When the next disaster strikes, there might not be enough money for an adequate response. A consequence of donor fatigue is worsening of the situation and drop in funding due to apathy. Politics – humanitarian assistance is the usual international response whenever there is a natural calamity or a man-made disaster (such as regional conflicts and genocidal wars).

How Factors Perpetuate Violent Crimes Against Women Criminology Essay

How Factors Perpetuate Violent Crimes Against Women Criminology Essay This essay will examine how individual, social, and cultural factors cause and perpetuate violent crimes against women. These three elements have created a gendered inverse power relation with in society that permeates into a multiplicity of social phenomenon and in fact has been the primary factors in constructing the order of power with in society. Through individual, social, and cultural factors, power maximization has become increasingly more complex with in human civilizations. These complexities are due to a number of different social factors that influence humans on an individual and collective scale. This essay is a brief composition summarizing male aggression against female victims, particularly sexual violence and physical assaults, that attempt to reinforce the inverse power relation between the two genders. First, a brief background from a constructionist perspective will be presented to convince the reader of the severity of sexual violence and physical assaults. Then t his essay will explore individual, social, and cultural theories that attempt to explain the causes of violent crimes against women. Finally, this essay will argue that when there is genuine equality between females and males, gender crime will decrease. Within the social sciences, especially with statistical reporting, there is much controversy on the frequency and severity of this almost one-way street in gender violence. According to Harway and ONeil (1999, p. 5) approximately three to four million women are victims of gender violence each year in the United States. However, because the majority of female  sexual assault victims know their assailants, the victim is often too scared or embarrassed to report the crime and thus the likelihood of prosecution decreases (Jones 2006, p. 443). Statistics reflect only crimes reported to the police. So therefore, Harway and ONeils (1999, p. 5) approximation of three to four million female victims a year may be an underestimate. One study even suggests that fewer than 30% of [rape] crimes are reported to the police (Rennison 2009). Prior to the 1970s, the law required substantial evidence of an alleged rape in corroboration with a convincing testimony because of the common belief that wome n often falsely reported being sexually  assaulted as a form of retribution against a man. Although the law has changed and this belief is not as common in todays society, sexual  assault victims often feel stigmatized by the thought of not having enough proof to convict an assailant, leaving them to feel embarrassed about the possibility of having a testimony rejected in court (Rennison 2009). Also prior to the 1970s feminist movement, gender inequalities were much more overt and explicit and it falsely asserted that males are superior to females (Henslin J. 2006, pp. 264-247). This paradigm has constructed a social relationship between females and males in every aspect of life that can still be identified today. That is because it has encapsulated all social institutions, including politics, civil life, and economics, among others. Patriarchy, a society in which authority is vested in males, is a near universal human phenomenon that develops adversarial relationships between genders (Kottak 1997, p. 241). These patriarchic societies allow for the socialization of a distorted gender-role that has historically resulted in gender oppression, denial of basic human rights, and crime against women (White Haines 2008, p. 108). It can, therefore, be concluded that because patriarchy has become a norm in society, sexism and inverse power relations among the genders are, for the most part, imperceptible and near universal (ed. Cunneen 2008, pp. 291-302). Anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have widely agreed that there is substantial evidence from proto-humans and other primates that male sexual coercion and female resistance to it suggest that sexual conflicts underlie patriarchy (Smuts 1995, pp. 1-32).  With this in mind, it is evident that adversarial relationships between genders are deeply rooted into human biology, human evolutionary past, and is reflected in the contemporary construct of culture. Although this may be true, genetics and evolutionary processes alone do not dictate human choice. However, genetics and evolutionary processes have universally constructed culture, which in turn impose norms on how humans interact with each other, which includes sexual violence and physical assaults (Smuts 1995, pp. 1-32). The manner in which culture has been constructed and the common patterns of behavior in society is a major cause of criminal sexual conduct, overarching all other theoretical explanations. The adversarial relationship between genders is extremely complex and multiple levels of explanations are necessary to link developmental and biological characteristics, personalities, sub-cultural variations, and economics, social, political, and community dimensions (Miller 1996, p. 208). Although it is important to examine this social problem from multiple theoretical perspectives, because of the brevity of this essay, I will only elaborate on constructionism, feminism, and social learning theory. Feminist sociologists have frequently used constructivism, symbolic interactionism and conflict theory to explain violence against women. Feminism fundamentally argues that there is a structural and institutional division between genders, including unequal pay, education, and legal and political inequalities, among others. Interactionist feminists argue that men are socialized to display strength and virility but because there is an inverse power relation among the genders, men turn violent against women (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). Research has supported this theory by explaining that aggressive men who seek power dominance accept the stereotypes that characterize women as timid and passive, which make them an ideal target (White Haines 2008, p. 124). Feminists that have used conflict theory to explain criminal sexual conduct argue that because men are losing dominate power in society, some men turn violently against women as a way to reassert their declining power (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). While other feminists use conflict theory to explain that, the structural system of a society and its norms reflect the interests and values of the powerful elite, which are primarily men (White Haines 2008, p. 91). Because these norms favor patriarchy, male intra-group coalition is maintained, causing out-group enmity and prevents women from obtaining an equal social position. Therefore, crimes that target females are the result of social and cultural patterns of maintaining that inverse power relation between the genders (ed. Cunneen 2008, pp.291-302). This fallaciously reinforces the stereotype that women cannot achieve positions of power and are easy targets. Social learning theory assumes that deviant behavior is acquired through new knowledge or through observation of others behaviors, preferences, or values (Ellis 1989; Akers, R. 2009). Social learning theory also examines reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants (Bandura 1977, vii). Many proponents of this theory argue that learning is greatly influenced by the people whom an individual decides to differentially associate with, regardless if the interaction occurs directly or indirectly, because people tend to imitate others. This is especially true when there are little or no social consequences (Ellis 1989; Akers, R. 2009). Male aggression against women is thought to be sustained through various forms of intermittent reinforcement from various sources. For example, family members and peers, an individuals culture and subculture, and the mass media may all contribute by teaching methods of expressing aggression, which was then followed by li ttle or no social stigmatization (Ellis 1989, pp. 12-14). A sexual aggressor, therefore, may associate sex and violence by learning from sources such as violent pornography and then attempt to model those rape scenes or other acts of violence against women and then expect little or no consequences (Ellis 1989, pp. 12-14). This paper has thus far provided a brief over-view of social constructionist, feminist, and social learning theory perspectives. Now, this paper will describe the social impacts and social responses to violence against women. Many of the points that will be presented will come from the said theories to further substantiate their position when dealing with violence against women. Social responses from feminists have particularly been a strong voice against female victimization. Gendered crimes have an extensive array of social impacts and consequences, which includes reinforcing male dominance in society, gender inequalities and stratification, and generational consequences, among others. From this authors perspective, the definition of violent crime against women, such as rape and physical assault, is legal in that it is a violation of a semi-universal federal state law and it is natural because it is a violation of human consciousness and basic human rights. As a response to the global phenomenon of gendered crimes, the legal etymology of violence against women has changed dramatically over time from different nations to different states (Fulcher, Alesha, Emily 2008). For example, prior to the feminist movement in the 1970s, in all U.S. states, laws exempted a husband from being prosecuted for forcing their spouse to have sex against their will. Modern laws now include sexual assault and spousal abuse, regardless of who the assailant and victim is (Fulcher, et al. 2008). The United Nations (1993) has defined violence against women as, any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. This, in a very general sense, characterizes the contemporary consensus of the global society on the issue of violence against women. These positive changes, however, have not been met with widespread positive consequences. As mentioned earlier, some feminist theorists argue that because men are losing dominate power in society, some men turn violently against women as a way to reassert their declining power (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). In fact, ONeil and Harway (1999) claim that recent changes in gender equality have produced a fear in some men that the natural order of society is being repressed. These men defend what they think is a defining quality of manhood through verbal aggression and violence in an attempt to preserve their natural right over women. Patriarchal values and beliefs about male dominance and female subordination reinforce a gender inverse power relation that permeates into a multiplicity of social phenomenon. The World Health Organization (2009) has concluded Violence against women is a major public health problem and a violation of human rights. When aggressive men violate women to maintain their sexist advantage women may display eating disorders, depression, passivity, submission, feelings of inferiority, dependence, and sacrificing personal needs for others (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134). These feeling restrict women from seeking help and prevent them from leaving an abusive relationship. As the aggressive-submissive behaviors continue, women internalize oppression, which results in mental, sexual, reproductive, and maternal health problems (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134; The World Health Organization 2009). These feelings also restrict women from taking risks, for instance academic achievements, career progression, asking for a salary increase, and socialization. These feelings perpetuate the problem because of the continued dependence on an abusive spouse (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134). However, there is a strong association between status inconsistency, status incompatibility, and gendered abuse. Thus, a woman may increase her chances of abuse if she obtains greater occupational, academic, or financial achievements than her male counterpart does. Some men believe that a successful woman has usurped their natural dominant position within the family and so they attempt to reassert their dominance by using violence or coercion (Gelles 1999 pp. 36-48). So therefore, some men will continue to be violence, regardless if a woman is successful or submissive. Since the 1970s, the academic community has valuably contributed to appropriate response and prevention methods to decreasing mens violence against women. However, because of the sensitivity and deeply rooted nature of patriarchy and sexism, it is rather difficult to significantly minimize criminal sexual and abusive conduct. There is a rather long list of prevention methods suggested by the academic community and to be most effective they must all work in corroboration with each other. These methods include, but are not limited to: deinstitutionalization of patriarchy (Marin Russo 1999, pp. 18-35); academic, employment, financial equality for women (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134); examination of how police handle domestic crime (Radford, Stanko 1989); examination of how medical and psychological practitioners handle treatment (Feder L. 1999); education of young children (O Neil Harway 1999 pp. 207-241); governments legal response (Ferraro 1989, pp. 155-184; Office of the status of women 1995); and the strengthening of women-women social collaboration (Silverstein 1999, pp. 81-83). This essay will briefly cover the deinstitutionalization of patriarchy, education of school-aged children, and governments legal response in more detail. As mentioned earlier, patriarchal values underpin all criminal sexual and abusive conduct, in so much that it may seem to some to be a part of everyday life. Eliminating male violence against females requires the elimination of a culture that establishes authority in males and prevents equal authority in females. O Neil and Harway (1999, p. 240) suggests that the old masculine paradigm can be replaced with new values, such as healthy emotionality, non-competitive relationships, empathy for others, friendships, and new concepts of power. Strengthening alliances between women and men will help both genders take responsibility for their actions and resist the ways of the old paradigm. Because violence against women is a societal problem that influences everyone, community consultation, combined with discursive democracy and a cross-government approach, can be an effective method to target specific communal problems by reducing gender-based violence. Public discussion and debate are an indispensable method to raise awareness of the scale of the problem within the community. This will also build confidence in women that this issue is being addressed and dealt with proactively within their community (O Neil and Harway 1999, pp. 238-240). One technique the community consultation program can implement is designing school programs that educate children on how interpersonal violence occurs, its consequences, and prevention. These children may learn how to counter current gender stereotypes portrayed in the media and pop-culture. To encourage diversity, the community consultation program should seek out the opinions and advise from school-aged children (O Neil and Harway 1999, pp. 238-240). Governments should be engage with all sectors of society to minimize criminal sexual conduct and violence against women, which includes providing information, community grants and medical care for victims, being involved in community engagement and specific social projects, and conduct legislative reforms that support gender equality. The British government has exerting a program that compels all governmental administrations into action in efforts to prevent violence against women (HM Government 2009). One of the programs preventive methods includes special training and services so that police, prosecutors, courts, protective services and intervention programs are able to work together to reduce violence against women. Another aspect of the program is to establish a sexual assault referral center in every police station that can provide medical care, counseling, and gather forensic evidence. This model also includes efforts to reduce the demand for prostitution and overall make publi c space safer for women. It is vitally necessary that all governments implement federal and state programs, similar to this one, in attempt to reduce violence against women on a national and international scale. Only a collective effort will be successful. As social scientists continue to provide information and explanations for male aggression and violence against female victims, the more people will accept that there is a genuine equality between females and males. As there is a growing concern and awareness for this issue, more community interventions will be created and government legal changes and policy initiatives will continue to address the problem more affectively. As a result, sexual violence, physical assaults, and psychological abuse against women should degrees. This essay has provided a brief overview from multiple theoretical perspectives on the causation of male aggression and violence against female victims. It has also examined historical through contemporary responses and impacts of female victimization. Then this essay introduced a contemporary case study from Britain that has utilized specific prevention methods. The reoccurring theme has emphasized that only a collective effort among academics, community members, professionals, and the government will provide a successful outcome in preventing male violence against women.

Argumentative Against Death Penalty

Abolishment of Capital Punishment Capital punishment should be abolished for the following reasons. 1) It violates the Eight Amendment of the use of cruel and unusual punishment, for which the Supreme Court has vacillated. 2) It is a form of premeditated murder. 3) It promotes racism. 4) It can be administered to innocent individuals through tainted evidence. 5) The death penalty does not deter criminals from committing violent crimes. The death penalty is a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violates citizen’s Eighth Amendment which has forced the Supreme Court to step in and evaluate this form of punishment.The death penalty has not always been practiced in the United States; however, there have been about 13,000 people who have been legally executed since colonial times. In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penalty. However, in 1976 another Supreme Court found capital punishment to be Constitutional (White 1). One must wonder why they made this decision. In 2007 the court put executions across the country on hold for eight months while it examined whether lethal injection, the most common means of executing prisoners, violated the Eight Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Lacayo).How can they not see this form of punishment as cruel and unusual? Individuals are killed by electricity seeping through their bodies, or drugs that cause their organs to shut down one at a time. It’s difficult to unerstand what the government perceives as cruel and unusual punishment. Maybe to them this would mean lining individuals up and killing them at point blank range. What could be crueler than strapping individuals to a chair and sending electricity through their bodies essentially cooking their insides, or putting a lethal dose of drugs into their body that causes organ failure.The method of taking another human’s life is cruel no matter how it is achieved. This gives too much power to individuals in society. The death penalty is a form of premeditated murder. According to dictionary. com, murder is the killing or slaughter of an individual inhumanely or barbarously. What gives the state or normal everyday citizens the right to determine whether or not an individual lives or dies? This is essentially doing what the criminal did and justifying it by hiding behind the law. Murder is murder whether it is committed by the drug dealer on the street or y the executioner who administers the lethal dose of medication into the inmate’s veins. Some individuals feel that the death penalty gives way to racism and class oppression. African Americans and Latinos represent the majority of inmates on death row. Because of this, executions are exclusively for the poor. Ninety percent of those awaiting execution cannot afford to hire a competent trial attorney (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty,†). Too often those convicted are unable to afford a dream defense team and must set tle for court appointed attorneys.These attorneys are often overworked and underpaid. In many cases the appointed attorney has little at stake regardless of the outcome. The biggest problem with the use of the death penalty is that often innocent individuals are sentenced to this heinous form of punishment. There are a staggering number of cases where individuals have been wrongfully convicted. Over the past few years, there have been several stories of individuals who have been convicted of horrific crimes and been sentenced to death only to be freed years later by DNA evidence. Here is a prime example of one of those individuals.Earl Washington spent almost ten years on Virginia’s death row. He was exonerated by DNA evidence and pardoned by the governor. The same DNA test that cleared Earl, implicated a known serial rapist, yet law enforcement and prosecution continue to claim Earl guilty, apparently believing that Earl raped the victim leaving another man’s sperm. N ationwide over 100 condemned Americans have been exonerated since 1976 and walked off death row as free men (Ballard). Even though we have come a long way with DNA there will always be police officers who are pressured to solve cases too fast.Some may use whatever tools are necessary including planting evidence or falsifying documents to establish guilt. As with the case above most police officers, as well as district attorneys, do not want to admit when they are wrong, even if it spares the life of an innocent human. It is heard time and time again that capital punishment helps to deter similar crimes. Evidence does not support this claim. Representative Maxine Waters stated that she does not believe you deter the taking of lives by others by having a death penalty.She went on to say that in the final analysis it does not work fairly if there’s any such thing as being fair about killing people (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty†) Society tends to follow the trend s and mindset of those around them. They often feel that since the Supreme Court has upheld the death penalty, it does not violate the rights of those citizens who have been tried and convicted of crimes that warrant this type of punishment. They presume that justice is being carried out in accordance with the laws that the United States government has set forth.Then there are those who feel the death penalty is an appropriate means of punishing individuals who commit heinous crimes. Many people often refer to this biblical verse, â€Å"Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand and foot for foot† (King James Version, Exodus 20:28). Too often they feel that this gives them the right to take justice into their own hands. Some individuals feel as though criminals should die by execution if the crime fits the punishment. Talk show host Larry Elder stated that society has the right to judge who lives and who dies.He says â€Å"criminals have made the ultimate sin against societ y and society is making a moral statement about your conduct† (Ballard, 2003). People who support the death penalty laugh at the notion that they are promoting racism. Statistics about race indicate that 90% of crimes are committed against whites. The study also stated that African Americans committed 7. 5 times more violent than whites (Sheehan, 1995). The conclusion is drawn that they are not targeting race as a factor when handing out death penalties, they are punishing the perpetrator of the crime without taking the race of the individual into factor.The fact that innocent people are placed on death row has not deterred judges from handing down this punishment. Many do not discount the fact that several people have been placed on death row only to be exonerated. The justice system allows every individual convicted of a crime so many appeals before the sentence is carried out. To the supporters of the death penalty this allows those wrongfully convicted the opportunity to p roduce evidence that will exonerate themselves. Supporters of the death penalty feel as though this helps to deter other criminals from committing the same act.According to a dozen studies, execution saves lives. The study stated that for each inmate executed three to eighteen murders are prevented (Liptak, 2007). Two law professors from Harvard also agree that the evidence of deterrent effect from capital punishment seems impressive. They seem to agree that capital punishment will save lives. After examining the information available for both the supporters and the non-supporters of capital punishment, it is clearly evident that capital punishment should be abolished. This form of unishment is cruel and unusual. It also allows our peers to commit murder by standing behind the law, which is no different than the criminals that are being put to death. Too often this form of punishment is passed down to innocent individuals who spend years trying to clear their name, and often do not get the chance to do so. Furthermore, there is not enough evidence to support that the death penalty deters other criminals. After all, there are better ways that tax money could be spent on individuals who commit crimes against society.The question that the government needs to ask themselves is if this form of punishment is worth the cost of innocent life that comes with it. Works Cited â€Å"Another Reason to Abolish the Death Penalty. † Workers. com. 2009. 11 Mar. 2013. . Ballard, Scotty . www. findarticles. com. 2003. 11 Mar. 2013. . Lacayo, Richard . â€Å"The Tide Shifts Against the Death Penalty. † www. time. com. 3 Feb. 2009. 12 Mar. 2013. . Liptak, Adam . â€Å"Does Death Penalty Save Lives?A New Debate. † The New York Times. 18 Nov. 2007. 12 Mar. 2013. . Sheenan, Paul . â€Å"The Race War of Blacks Against Whites. † heretical. com. 20 May. 1995. 11 Mar. 2013. . The Holy Bible, King James Version. New York: Oxford Edition: 1769; King James Bible Online, 2008. http://www. kingjamesbibleonline. org/. White, Deborah . â€Å"Pros and Cons of Death Penalty and Capital Punishment. † About. com US Liberal Politics. 12 Mar. 2013. .

Gully Trap

Everything you need to know about gully traps Waste Pipes Ground Level Concrete Surface Grating 25mm above paved and 100mm above unpaved What is a gully trap? Agullytrapisabasininthegroundwhichreceivespiped wastewaterfromyourkitchen,bathroomandlaundrybeforeitis emptiedintothesewer. Thebasinhasawatersealtopreventfoul odoursofthesewerreachingthesurface. Thetoporsurroundis raisedabovegroundleveltopreventstormwaterandotherforeign matterenteringthesewer. What should my gully trap look like? Thediagramshowstheacceptedconfigurationofagullytrapasset outintheNewZealandBuildingCode.Gullytraparrangementswhich TheBuildingCodesaysyourgullytrapsurroundsmustbe25mm aboveapavedsurfaceor100mmaboveunpavedsurfaces. Compacted granular bedding material Separation from building material Gully traps are not meant for stormwater Inperiodsofheavyrain,asuddenincreaseinwater flowingintothesewerthroughgullytrapscanresult inwastewateroverflowselsewhereinthesewerage system. Thiscanresultinrawsewageentering ourharb our. Theseexcessiveflowscanalsocause problemsatthewastewatertreatmentplantdueto systemoverloading. Approved gully trap keeping rain water out of the wastewater system.Illegal gully trap allowing rain into the wastewater system. Common reasons why rain water flows into a gully trap inClude: †¢ Incorrectheightofthegullytrapsurrounds †¢ Downpipesplumbedintothegullytrapinsteadofthestormwatersystem A TAURANGA CITY COUNCIL SERVICE †¢ Landscapingthatdirectswaterintothegullytrap Water seal 65mm (min) donotcomplywiththisconfigurationareconsideredillegal. 600mm (max) Preventing sewer overflows to keep our harbour clean TheSouthernPipelineisa$106Mwastewaterpipeline thatwillredirectmostofthecity’swastewateroverto TeMaunga.However,it’sstillafewyearsaway. InthemeantimeCouncilhasstartedinspectinggully trapsthroughoutthecitytohelpcustomersknowif theirsisOK,andtoofferadviceonhowtofixthemif they’renot. Ifeverypropertyownerwithanincorrectlydesigned gullytrapfixedit, theamountofstormwatersneaking intothewastewatersystemwouldbegreatlyreduced. Not all problems will be solved by these options . . . Ifyouhavelandscapingthatdirectsstormwater intoyourgullytrap,youmayneedtospeaktoyour drainlayeraboutoptionstofixthis. Somegully trapsmayalsoneedadditionalworktomakethem compliant.Tofurtherminimiseanywatergettingintothe wastewatersystemallpropertyownersmust ensurethat: †¢ anypavingsurroundingthegullytrapisgraded todirectallstormwaterawayfromit †¢ allwastepipeconnectionstothegullytrap remainwatertight †¢ anydownpipesthatcurrentlydischargeinto thegullytrapareredirectedtoastormwater system(e. g. soakholeorreticulationsystem). How can I fix my gully trap? Toraiseyourgullytraptotherequiredheight, suitable. hereareacoupleoflowcostoptionsthatmaybe 1. Installaplasticriser. Thisisfittedoverthe gullytrapwithsealantaroundtheedgesand walltokeepstormwateroutofthegullytrap.Theseareavailablefromhardwareoutlets likeMitre10,PlacemakersorCarters. 2. Installac oncretehalfring(alsoknownasa nibwall). Thisiscementedintoplacewith sealantaroundtheedgesandwalltokeep stormwateroutofthegullytrap. These areavailablefromaconcretesupplierlike Humes. For more information or advice, please contact Tauranga City Council on (07) 577 7000 or go to www. tauranga. govt. nz and type in key words ‘gully trap’. A TAURANGA CITY COUNCIL SERVICE If you need more help contact Waterline Ph: 577 7000 Web: www. tauranga. govt. nz MVM50675F

Iago Essays - Othello, English-language Films, Operas, Iago

Iago Essays - Othello, English-language Films, Operas, Iago Iago When Shakespeare attempted to create the ultimate villain (and I must say he was stunningly successful), Iago was the result. This cunningly evil character always keeps the audience guessing at his true personality until he has the opportunity to plan in solitude or so gracefully manipulate an inferior intellect that he can let his true colors shine while preserving his "image". Such is the case in act I, scene III, when he recites to Roderigo a beautifully worded speech revealing his true feelings about life, love, and Othello. This near-soliloquy shows us some of the thinking behind Iago's Machiavellian actions. 320Virtue! a fig! 'Tis in ourselves are we thus or thus. Our bodies are gardens, to which our wills are gardeners; so that if we plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with 325many, either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to the most 330preposterous conclusions. But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our umbitted lusts, wherof I take this that you call love to be a sect or scion?It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Come, be a man. Drown thyself? Drown cats and blind 335puppies. I profess me thy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness. I could never better stead thee than now. Put money in thy purse. Follow these wars; defeat thy favour with an usurped beard I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be that Desdemona 340should long continue her love unto the Moor,-Put money in thy purse,-nor he his to her. It was a violent commencement, and thou shalt see an answerable sequestration. Put but money in thy purse. These Moors are changeable in their wills. Fill thy purse with money. The 345food that to him now is as luscious as locusts, shall be to him shortly acerb as the coloquintida. (She must change for youth.)? The main point behind the first section of the "soliloquy" in line 320 is that humans make their destinies and rules (Virtue! a fig! 'Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus ln. 320). Our friendly villain uses a metaphor relating a garden to our lives, and gardeners to our independent wills (Our bodies are gardens, to which our wills are gardeners ln 321). This view on life has many hidden insights into the character of Iago. First among these is that Iago believes that god is a fa?ade created by people with no heart. The quotes that back this up are: 'Tis in ourselves ln 320, corrigible authority of this lies in our wills ln 327 If the balance of our lives ln 328, and love to be a sect or scion. ln. 333. We can tell by the connotations of the words Iago uses that he does not consider god to be a motivating force in the lives of humans. Take, for instance, the use of the words sect and balance; these words normally refer to religion, and god as a major force in the balance of a person's life, but Iago uses them to refer to our own decisions, playing down god's importance. Secondly, he believes that people who do not get ahead in life and live to get everything possible are suckers. This conclusion is backed up by two major statements: sterile with idleness ln 323 and one gender of herbs ln 322. The images these words call up in our minds are desolate and pitiful gardeners either being just plain lazy, or trying to just scoot by. These quotes also show what a highly motivated person Iago is. When Iago concludes his tirade about our bodies being gardens, we get an extreme look into his demented psyche (May I say it is not a pretty sight). Iago's view about love are not much better than his opinions about other

Emily dickinson 5

Emily dickinson 5 Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born on December 10,1830 in the quiet community of Amherst, Massachusetts (Davidson 247). She was the second born to Edward and Emily Norcross Dickinson (Davidson 247). Her older brother Austin and her younger sister Lavina lived in a reserved family headed by their authoritative father (Davidson 247). Emily's mother was not "emotionally accessible," thought out there lives (Davidson 247). Their parents weren't involved in their children's lives. One thing that their parents did do was raise there children with the Chistian tradition (Chase 28). They were expected to take up their father's religious beliefs and values without any argument. Emily though did not fit in with her father's religion and as she got older challenged these conventional religious viewpoints of her father and his church (Chase 28). Here put more stuff about why she did not except the Puritan God and why because of this you saw it in her writing (on page 12-? In Aiken).Photo of the Dickinson Homestead taken in October ...Her father was also an influential politician in Massachusetts holding powerful positions (Johnson 26). Due to this her family was very prominent in Amherst. Emily did not enjoy the popularity and excitement of her public life in Amherst. So she began to withdraw from the town, her family and friends (Johnson 29). This private life that she lived gave her, her own private society. She refused to see almost everyone that came to visit and rarely left her father's house (Johnson 31).In Emily's writing changed over the years due to events in her life. Most of her writing was about nature, friends, love and almost a third of her poems dealt with the subject of death (Ferlazzo 22). I'm going to focus my paper on the topic of death. A lot of Dickinson's life was in morning the deaths...

Gender differences as a function of perception and stereotypes Dissertation

Gender differences as a function of perception and stereotypes - Dissertation Example The researcher states that the changing leadership practices of school principals at the secondary school level are evident through the development programs and leadership preparations for women in positions of leadership in schools. There is now increasing emphasis on preparing women for school leadership positions, which underlines two connected concerns. Firstly, the prevailing patterns illustrate the ways in which preparation programs are intentionally leveraging designs and delivery aspects in preparing larger numbers of women for leadership functions in schools. This is to equip them with the knowledge and skills required for systemically changing school working. Such patterns clearly suggest the transforming characteristics of school leadership in terms of being driven and accompanied through conceptualizing the principal’s role in new ways. It is thus important to examine the changing roles of school leadership, the environment in which principals are developed and pre pared, the gender differences relative to perception and stereotypes and stratification of roles. In considering them together it becomes evident that the increasing emphasis on instructional capacities in school leadership has disturbed the conventional gender balance of authority whereby men’s roles are related with masculinity. For example, male roles such as administration are indicative of higher status relative to women’s functions in regard to femaleness, child care and instruction. (Bennett and Anderson, 2003). The shortage of women in roles of secondary school principals is a global phenomenon, which is evident from the fact that women comprise of at least half of total secondary school teachers but in secondary school administration functions they form a minority. It is required of professionals in the area of education to appreciate the fact that gender determines important roles in regard to women being assigned the role of principals in secondary schools. Analysts in the field of education believe that there are three standards relative to leadership and gender: That orthodox leaders are male Leadership styles are characteristic of being macho It can be theorized that leadership tends to marginalize gender. Tallerico and Blount (2004) have held that society has orthodox beliefs about leadership being vested with males and that such belief systems continue supporting male domination. They also believe that norms such as gender filters are perpetuated due to shared understanding amongst administrators that males have the ability to resolve matters relative to discipline. However, the transforming environment of enhanced accountability has impacted shifts in concepts of leadership through which principals are being inducted. In regard to enhanced local and national emphasis on enhancing students’